Glad to see you and your buddy getting into bass fishing! My best friend and I grew up learning this sport together and had so many good times I couldn't count them all if I tried!
Bassin' basics:
Structure and cover: Contrary to some beliefs structure and cover are two entirely different things but work together to position bass throughout the year. Structure is the shape of the lake if you will, remove everything from a given lake including the water and you will see the "structure" or layout of the lake, for example: flats, drop offs, humps, channels, ledges, points, transition banks etc. NOW, mix "cover" in with those features like: logs, rocks, docks, weeds, grass, reeds, laydowns, pilings, old cars, boat houses, picnic tables, tires, basically anything that is not natural to the structure of the lake. Now you're getting into locating bass! Put a weed line together with a drop off, a dock with a channel swing, rocks on a point, lily pads on a flat, a laydown on a transition bank and any combination of all of it and you now start finding ambush points and therefore bass. Bass want cover to ambush food, in the absence of good cover they will typically seek out irregular structure features and use those to their advantage but when they can use both it's optimal for survival and typically high percentage areas.
Bass: The bigger the lazier. Bass want food to come to them and then ambush it, especially largemouth. Smallies will pursue farther and are generally more aggressive. Bass will follow schools of perch and bluegill in the summer and even feed heavily on the trout we plant every year. Just about anything that fits in their mouths but typically exclusive to the forage that is present in their environment (lake), research a lake and not just if it has bass but what else it has cause that's what the bass will key on.
Water: Clarity is the biggest deal here. Whether it's clear, slightly stained, stained or muddy it affects not just presentation but lure and color choice. Breaking down water is pretty easy if you think of it in three zones: 1) 0 - 5 feet. 2) 5 - 10 feet. 3) 10 feet to 20 feet. Time of year, water temp, clarity and condition all affect where a bass will be at a given time. Clarity will affect what you fish and how you fish it.
You guys are lucky right now cause the bass are heading shallow for the spawn and are the easiest to catch typically. Baits that imitate smaller fish and crawdads are great right now and will continue to produce well into June before the bass head out deeper for the post spawn and summer.
Remember the 3 basic rules: DEPTH, CADENCE, COLOR! Learn it, live it
Hope that helps a little, feel free to reach out should you have any questions in the future.